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Free Water Project ..tables formulae and calculators


Other tables

Materials density specific heat thermal
conductivity
water
absorbtion
melt price energy more
  kg/m³ J/kg.K W/m.K %weight oC euro/kg KJ/kg  
air 1.185 1000 0.025         properties
amonia 770 2060 0.022       Latent heat of evaporation
1369 kJ/kg
NH3
water 998 4180 0.6   0 1 Latent heat of evaporation
2270 kJ/kg
Thermal Properties water
piercecollege.com/offices/weather/water.html
sea water 1025 3900
  -2

 
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com
watervapour   1880            
biofolie25         <120     petriPERM
permeabel for gas
uv-transparent
hydrofil/foob
miraflow               uv-transparent
ldpe 920 max ?3400 0.33 0.01 248F
use210F
0.8   polyethyleen
bad uv res
hdpe 965 max ?2700 0.5     0.8   polyethyleen
bad uv res
pet 1370 1.05 0.24 0.15 480F
use212F
120-200
2.55   good uv res
PVDF - 1770     0.03 340F
use310F
    PolyvinylideneFluoride
good uv res
Mylar/
polyester
              uv-a transparent
pp 906 2 0.1-0.2     1   polypropyleen
PC 1200 1.26? 0.21 0.15 300F 2.30 r   polycarbonate
ptfe 2200 1000? 0.25     13    
pe foam 40   0.04 0        
ps foam     0.03         polystyreen
cu 1005 400 145 0   1.5   copper.html
al 2650 970 160 0   2   aluminium.html
glass 2500 840 1.0 0   3    
leather       5-50        
hemp 1.5?   0.05 8-30        
wool     0.04          
concrete 2200 840 2 10        
Silica gel, SiO2 480-720 1130   11%@20rh 36%@90rh     160-170oC
4800-4800 kJ/kg
Mesopore silica gel TS6
90% absorbtion in ca 5 hr
Tri-sorb
Zeoliet
      20%@20rh
22%@90rh
    80-200oC
Activated alumina 90% Al2O3 800-870 1000   60%@90rh     160-170oC
4800-4800 kJ/kg
 


Solar energy

instralingsdiagram nederland
global solar-insolation tables average kWh/m2/day

Air Properties
General Air-Technical Terms formulae
Sensible Cooling with Dehumidification


Online Psychrometric Calculators
http://www.linric.com/webpsysi.htm / English Units version
calculator ºCdb / ºCwb / ºCdp / g/kg / %RH / mmHg / Alt / kPa

Dewpoint Table
A particular temperature where the relative humidity becomes 100%, called the "dew point" (see chart). At the dew point, the air is saturated with moisture and begins to lose it in the form of condensation.
relative humidity
_________
Air temp.
20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95%
30ºC 5,0 8,3 10,5 12,9 14,9 16,8 18,4 20,0 21,4 22,7 23,9 25,1 26,2 27,2 28,2 29,1
29ºC     9,7 12,0 14,0 15,9 17,5 19,0 20,4 21,7 23,0 24,1 25,2 26,2 27,2 28,1
28ºC     8,8 11,1 13,1 15,0 16,6 18,1 19,5 20,8 22,0 23,2 24,2 25,2 26,2 27,1
27ºC     8,0 10,2 12,2 14,1 15,7 17,2 18,6 19,9 21,1 22,2 23,3 24,3 25,2 26,1
26ºC     7,1 9,4 11,4 13,2 14,8 16,3 17,6 18,9 20,1 21,2 22,3 23,3 24,2 25,1
25ºC     6,2 8,5 10,5 12,2 13,9 15,3 16,7 18,0 19,1 20,3 21,3 22,3 23,2 24,1
24ºC     5,4 7,6 9,8 11,3 12,9 14,4 15,8 17,0 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,3 22,3 23,1
23ºC     4,5 6,7 8,7 10,4 12,0 13,5 14,8 16,1 17,2 18,3 19,4 20,3 21,3 22,2
22ºC     3,6 5,9 7,8 9,5 11,1 12,5 13,9 15,1 16,3 17,4 18,4 19,4 20,3 21,3
21ºC     2,8 5,0 6,9 8,6 10,2 11,6 12,9 14,2 15,3 16,4 17,4 18,4 19,3 20,2
20ºC     1,9 4,1 6,0 7,7 9,3 10,7 12,0 13,2 14,4 15,4 16,4 17,4 18,3 19,2
19ºC     1,0 3,2 5,1 6,8 8,3 9,8 11,1 12,3 13,4 14,5 15,5 16,4 17,3 18,2
18ºC     0,2 2,3 4,2 5,9 7,4 8,8 10,1 11,3 12,5 13,5 14,5 15,4 16,3 17,2
17ºC     -0,6 1,4 3,3 5,0 6,5 7,9 9,2 10,4 11,5 12,5 13,5 14,5 15,3 16,2
16ºC     -1,4 0,5 2,4 4,1 5,6 7,0 8,5 9,4 10,5 11,6 12,6 13,5 14,4 15,2
15ºC     -2,2 -0,3 1,5 3,2 4,7 6,1 7,3 8,5 9,6 10,6 11,6 12,5 13,4 14,2
14ºC     -2,9 -1,0 0,6 2,3 3,7 5,1 6,4 7,5 8,6 9,8 10,1 11,5 12,4 13,2
13ºC     -3,7 -1,9 -0,1 1,3 2,8 4,2 5,5 6,6 7,7 8,7 9,7 10,5 11,4 12,4
12ºC     -4,5 -2,6 -1,0 0,4 1,9 3,2 4,5 5,7 6,7 7,7 8,7 9,6 10,4 11,2
11ºC     -5,2 -3,4 -1,8 -0,4 1,0 2,3 3,5 4,7 5,8 6,7 7,7 8,6 9,4 10,2
10ºC     -6,0 -4,2 -2,6 -1,2 0,1 1,4 2,6 3,7 4,8 5,8 6,7 7,6 8,4 9,2

heat transfer
engineeringtoolbox.com
processassociates.com/process/dimen/dn_htf.htm
heat loss in pipes:
www.engineeringtoolbox.com

Heat Transmission Coefficients of Metals
Fluid/gas Metal Fluid/gas W/m2 oC Btu/ft2 hr oF
         
Air Cast Iron Air 6,0 1,0
Air Mild Steel Air 8,0 1,4
         
Steam Cast Iron Air 11,0 2,0
Steam Mild Steel Air 11,0 2,5
Steam Copper Air 17,0 3,0
         
Steam Cast Iron Water 900 160
Steam Mild Steel Water 1050 185
Steam Copper Water 1170 205
         
Water Cast Iron Air or Gas 8,0 40 to 50
Water Mild Steel Air or Gas 11,0 50 to 70
Water Copper Air or Gas 11,0 62 to 80
         
Water Cast Iron Water 220 to 280 40 to 50
Water Mild Steel Water 340 to 400 50 to 70
Water Copper Water 350 to 450 62 to 80

The values above are average coefficient for practically still fluids. The coefficients depends on velocities of heating and heated media, type of heating surface, temperaturedifference and other circumstances.

Mathematical tools

Math.com scientific calculator
Mat2.org Simple and complex Math / tables / conversions etc
conversiontables.info online conversion
engineeringtoolbox.com
freecalc.com/list.htm
convertalot.com/elselinks.html

Conversion Factors

Density
1 g cm-3 = 1000 kg m-3 = 62.428 lbm ft-3 = 0.0361 lbm in-3
1 lbm ft-3 = 16.0185 kg m-3
Mass and Force
1 lbm = 16 oz = 0.45359 kg = 453.593 g
1 kg = 1000g = 0.001 metric ton = 2.20462 lbm = 35.274 oz
1 N = 1 kg m s-2 = 105 dyne = 105 g cm s-2 = 0.22481 lbf
1 lbf = 4.448 N = 32.174 lbm ft s-2
Length
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 mm = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in = 1.0936 yd
1 in = 2.54 cm = 25.40 mm = 0.0254 m = 0.0833 ft = 0.02778 yd
1Å = 10-10 m (not recommended)
Power, Torque, and Energy
1 hp = 550 ft lbf s-1 = 745.70 W = 0.7457 kW = 0.7068 Btu s-1
1 W = 1 J s-1 = 0.23901 cal s-1 = 3.414 Btu h-1 = 1.341 (10-3) hp
1 Btu hr-1 = 0.2931 W = 0.2931 J s-1
1 N m = 1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2 = 107 dyne cm = 0.7376 ft lbf = 9.486 (10-4) Btu = 0.23901 cal
1 N m = 100 N cm = 141.61 in ozf = 8.85 in lbf
1 dyne cm = 10-7 N m = 10-5 N cm
1 ft lbf = 1.35582 N m = 1.35582 J = 1.2851 (10-3) Btu
Pressure and Stress
1 bar = 105 Pa = 14.5038 lbf in-2 = 0.987 atm = 10.2 m H2O = 33.48 ft H2O
1 Pa = 1 N m-2 = 10 dyne cm-2 = 9.8692 (10-6) atm = 7.5 (10-3) torr
1 lbf in-2 = 6894.8 Pa = 6.804 (10-2) atm = 6.895 kPa = 2.309 ft H2O = 2.0360 in. Hg
1 dyne cm-2 = 0.10 Pa = 10-6 bar = 0.987 (10-6) atm
1 atm = 1.01325 (105) N m-2 = 101.325 kPa = 14.696 psi = 1.013 bar = 29.921 in Hg @ 0° C
1 atm = 760 mm Hg at 0°C = 33.90 ft H2O at 4°C = 1.01325 (106) dyne cm-2 = 760 torr
Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity, and Convection Coefficient
1 Btu lbm-1 °F-1 = 4184 J kg-1 K-1
1 Btu ft-1 h-1 ° F-1 = 1.730 W m-1 K-1
1 Btu ft-1 h-2 ° F-1 = 5.678 W m-2 K-1
Temperature
TKelvin = TCelsius + 273.15            TKelvin = (TFahrenheit + 459.67) / 1.8
TFahrenheit = 1.8 TCelsius + 32         TCelsius = (TFahrenheit - 32) / 1.8
Viscosity (Absolute or Dynamic, followed by Kinematic)
1 P = 1 dyne s cm-2 = 0.1 Pa s = 100 cP = 100 mPa s
1 Pa s = 1000 cP = 10 P = 1 kg m-1 s-1 = 1 N s m-2 = 0.67197 lbm ft-1 s-1
1 cP = 1 mPa s = 0.001 Pa s = 0.01 P
1 lbm ft-1 s-1 = 1.4882 kg m-1 s-1 = 1488.2 cP
kinematic viscosity (cSt) = absolute viscosity (cP) / density (g cm-3)
1 cSt = 0.000001 m2 s-1 = 1 mm2 s-1 = 5.58001 in2 hr-1 = 0.00155 in2 s-1
1 St = 100 cSt = 0.0001 m2 s-1
1 m2 s-1 = 10-5 cSt = 10.7639 ft2 s-1
Volume
1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 103 L (liter) = 264.17 gal (US) = 35.3145 ft3 = 219.97 gal (UK)
1 ft 3 = 0.028317 m3 = 7.4805 gal (US) = 28.317 L = 6.2288 gal(UK)
1 gal (US) = 128 oz = 4 qt = 3.7854 L = 3785.4 cm3 = 0.8327 gal (UK) = 0.003785 m3 = 0.13368 ft3
Misc. Notes
latent heat of fusion of water at 0C and 1 atm = 333.2 kJ/kg = 143.3 Btu/lbm
latent heat of fusion of C02 at –78.5C and 1 atm = 620 kJ/kg
refrigeration load:  1 ton = 303,852 kJ/24 hr = 3.5168 kW = 288,000 Btu/24 hr