Tables and tools: / Materials / Air
properties / Solar energy / Heat
transfer / Math tools
Free Water Project ..tables formulae and calculators
Materials | density | specific heat | thermal conductivity |
water absorbtion |
melt | price | energy | more |
kg/m³ | J/kg.K | W/m.K | %weight | oC | euro/kg | KJ/kg | ||
air | 1.185 | 1000 | 0.025 | properties | ||||
amonia | 770 | 2060 | 0.022 | Latent heat of evaporation 1369 kJ/kg |
NH3 | |||
water | 998 | 4180 | 0.6 | 0 | 1 | Latent heat of evaporation 2270 kJ/kg |
Thermal
Properties water piercecollege.com/offices/weather/water.html |
|
sea water | 1025 | 3900 | -2 |
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com | ||||
watervapour | 1880 | |||||||
biofolie25 | <120 | petriPERM permeabel for gas uv-transparent hydrofil/foob |
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miraflow | uv-transparent | |||||||
ldpe | 920 | max ?3400 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 248F use210F |
0.8 | polyethyleen bad uv res |
|
hdpe | 965 | max ?2700 | 0.5 | 0.8 | polyethyleen bad uv res |
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pet | 1370 | 1.05 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 480F use212F 120-200 |
2.55 | good uv res | |
PVDF - | 1770 | 0.03 | 340F use310F |
PolyvinylideneFluoride good uv res |
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Mylar/ polyester |
uv-a transparent | |||||||
pp | 906 | 2 | 0.1-0.2 | 1 | polypropyleen | |||
PC | 1200 | 1.26? | 0.21 | 0.15 | 300F | 2.30 r | polycarbonate | |
ptfe | 2200 | 1000? | 0.25 | 13 | ||||
pe foam | 40 | 0.04 | 0 | |||||
ps foam | 0.03 | polystyreen | ||||||
cu | 1005 | 400 | 145 | 0 | 1.5 | copper.html | ||
al | 2650 | 970 | 160 | 0 | 2 | aluminium.html | ||
glass | 2500 | 840 | 1.0 | 0 | 3 | |||
leather | 5-50 | |||||||
hemp | 1.5? | 0.05 | 8-30 | |||||
wool | 0.04 | |||||||
concrete | 2200 | 840 | 2 | 10 | ||||
Silica gel, SiO2 | 480-720 | 1130 | 11%@20rh 36%@90rh | 160-170oC 4800-4800 kJ/kg |
Mesopore silica gel TS6 90% absorbtion in ca 5 hr |
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Tri-sorb Zeoliet |
20%@20rh 22%@90rh |
80-200oC | ||||||
Activated alumina 90% Al2O3 | 800-870 | 1000 | 60%@90rh | 160-170oC 4800-4800 kJ/kg |
Air Properties
General
Air-Technical Terms formulae
Sensible Cooling with Dehumidification
Online Psychrometric Calculators
http://www.linric.com/webpsysi.htm / English Units version
calculator ºCdb / ºCwb / ºCdp / g/kg / %RH / mmHg / Alt
/ kPa
Dewpoint Table A particular temperature where the relative humidity becomes 100%, called the "dew point" (see chart). At the dew point, the air is saturated with moisture and begins to lose it in the form of condensation. |
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relative humidity _________ Air temp. |
20% | 25% | 30% | 35% | 40% | 45% | 50% | 55% | 60% | 65% | 70% | 75% | 80% | 85% | 90% | 95% |
30ºC | 5,0 | 8,3 | 10,5 | 12,9 | 14,9 | 16,8 | 18,4 | 20,0 | 21,4 | 22,7 | 23,9 | 25,1 | 26,2 | 27,2 | 28,2 | 29,1 |
29ºC | 9,7 | 12,0 | 14,0 | 15,9 | 17,5 | 19,0 | 20,4 | 21,7 | 23,0 | 24,1 | 25,2 | 26,2 | 27,2 | 28,1 | ||
28ºC | 8,8 | 11,1 | 13,1 | 15,0 | 16,6 | 18,1 | 19,5 | 20,8 | 22,0 | 23,2 | 24,2 | 25,2 | 26,2 | 27,1 | ||
27ºC | 8,0 | 10,2 | 12,2 | 14,1 | 15,7 | 17,2 | 18,6 | 19,9 | 21,1 | 22,2 | 23,3 | 24,3 | 25,2 | 26,1 | ||
26ºC | 7,1 | 9,4 | 11,4 | 13,2 | 14,8 | 16,3 | 17,6 | 18,9 | 20,1 | 21,2 | 22,3 | 23,3 | 24,2 | 25,1 | ||
25ºC | 6,2 | 8,5 | 10,5 | 12,2 | 13,9 | 15,3 | 16,7 | 18,0 | 19,1 | 20,3 | 21,3 | 22,3 | 23,2 | 24,1 | ||
24ºC | 5,4 | 7,6 | 9,8 | 11,3 | 12,9 | 14,4 | 15,8 | 17,0 | 18,2 | 19,3 | 20,3 | 21,3 | 22,3 | 23,1 | ||
23ºC | 4,5 | 6,7 | 8,7 | 10,4 | 12,0 | 13,5 | 14,8 | 16,1 | 17,2 | 18,3 | 19,4 | 20,3 | 21,3 | 22,2 | ||
22ºC | 3,6 | 5,9 | 7,8 | 9,5 | 11,1 | 12,5 | 13,9 | 15,1 | 16,3 | 17,4 | 18,4 | 19,4 | 20,3 | 21,3 | ||
21ºC | 2,8 | 5,0 | 6,9 | 8,6 | 10,2 | 11,6 | 12,9 | 14,2 | 15,3 | 16,4 | 17,4 | 18,4 | 19,3 | 20,2 | ||
20ºC | 1,9 | 4,1 | 6,0 | 7,7 | 9,3 | 10,7 | 12,0 | 13,2 | 14,4 | 15,4 | 16,4 | 17,4 | 18,3 | 19,2 | ||
19ºC | 1,0 | 3,2 | 5,1 | 6,8 | 8,3 | 9,8 | 11,1 | 12,3 | 13,4 | 14,5 | 15,5 | 16,4 | 17,3 | 18,2 | ||
18ºC | 0,2 | 2,3 | 4,2 | 5,9 | 7,4 | 8,8 | 10,1 | 11,3 | 12,5 | 13,5 | 14,5 | 15,4 | 16,3 | 17,2 | ||
17ºC | -0,6 | 1,4 | 3,3 | 5,0 | 6,5 | 7,9 | 9,2 | 10,4 | 11,5 | 12,5 | 13,5 | 14,5 | 15,3 | 16,2 | ||
16ºC | -1,4 | 0,5 | 2,4 | 4,1 | 5,6 | 7,0 | 8,5 | 9,4 | 10,5 | 11,6 | 12,6 | 13,5 | 14,4 | 15,2 | ||
15ºC | -2,2 | -0,3 | 1,5 | 3,2 | 4,7 | 6,1 | 7,3 | 8,5 | 9,6 | 10,6 | 11,6 | 12,5 | 13,4 | 14,2 | ||
14ºC | -2,9 | -1,0 | 0,6 | 2,3 | 3,7 | 5,1 | 6,4 | 7,5 | 8,6 | 9,8 | 10,1 | 11,5 | 12,4 | 13,2 | ||
13ºC | -3,7 | -1,9 | -0,1 | 1,3 | 2,8 | 4,2 | 5,5 | 6,6 | 7,7 | 8,7 | 9,7 | 10,5 | 11,4 | 12,4 | ||
12ºC | -4,5 | -2,6 | -1,0 | 0,4 | 1,9 | 3,2 | 4,5 | 5,7 | 6,7 | 7,7 | 8,7 | 9,6 | 10,4 | 11,2 | ||
11ºC | -5,2 | -3,4 | -1,8 | -0,4 | 1,0 | 2,3 | 3,5 | 4,7 | 5,8 | 6,7 | 7,7 | 8,6 | 9,4 | 10,2 | ||
10ºC | -6,0 | -4,2 | -2,6 | -1,2 | 0,1 | 1,4 | 2,6 | 3,7 | 4,8 | 5,8 | 6,7 | 7,6 | 8,4 | 9,2 |
heat transfer
engineeringtoolbox.com
processassociates.com/process/dimen/dn_htf.htm
heat loss in pipes:
www.engineeringtoolbox.com
Heat Transmission Coefficients of
Metals |
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The values above are average coefficient for practically still fluids. The coefficients depends on velocities of heating and heated media, type of heating surface, temperaturedifference and other circumstances. |
Conversion Factors
Density
1 g cm-3 = 1000 kg m-3 = 62.428 lbm ft-3
= 0.0361 lbm in-3
1 lbm ft-3 = 16.0185 kg m-3
Mass and Force
1 lbm = 16 oz = 0.45359 kg = 453.593 g
1 kg = 1000g = 0.001 metric ton = 2.20462 lbm = 35.274 oz
1 N = 1 kg m s-2 = 105 dyne = 105
g cm s-2 = 0.22481 lbf
1 lbf = 4.448 N = 32.174 lbm ft s-2
Length
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 mm = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in
= 1.0936 yd
1 in = 2.54 cm = 25.40 mm = 0.0254 m = 0.0833 ft = 0.02778 yd
1Å = 10-10 m (not recommended)
Power, Torque, and Energy
1 hp = 550 ft lbf s-1 = 745.70 W = 0.7457 kW = 0.7068
Btu s-1
1 W = 1 J s-1 = 0.23901 cal s-1 = 3.414 Btu
h-1 = 1.341 (10-3) hp
1 Btu hr-1 = 0.2931 W = 0.2931 J s-1
1 N m = 1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2 = 107
dyne cm = 0.7376 ft lbf = 9.486 (10-4) Btu = 0.23901
cal
1 N m = 100 N cm = 141.61 in ozf = 8.85 in lbf
1 dyne cm = 10-7 N m = 10-5 N cm
1 ft lbf = 1.35582 N m = 1.35582 J = 1.2851 (10-3) Btu
Pressure and Stress
1 bar = 105 Pa = 14.5038 lbf in-2 = 0.987
atm = 10.2 m H2O = 33.48 ft H2O
1 Pa = 1 N m-2 = 10 dyne cm-2 = 9.8692 (10-6)
atm = 7.5 (10-3) torr
1 lbf in-2 = 6894.8 Pa = 6.804 (10-2) atm =
6.895 kPa = 2.309 ft H2O = 2.0360 in. Hg
1 dyne cm-2 = 0.10 Pa = 10-6 bar = 0.987
(10-6) atm
1 atm = 1.01325 (105) N m-2 = 101.325 kPa =
14.696 psi = 1.013 bar = 29.921 in Hg @ 0° C
1 atm = 760 mm Hg at 0°C = 33.90 ft H2O at 4°C =
1.01325 (106) dyne cm-2 = 760 torr
Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity, and Convection
Coefficient
1 Btu lbm-1 °F-1 = 4184 J kg-1
K-1
1 Btu ft-1 h-1 ° F-1 = 1.730 W
m-1 K-1
1 Btu ft-1 h-2 ° F-1 = 5.678 W
m-2 K-1
Temperature
TKelvin = TCelsius +
273.15
TKelvin = (TFahrenheit + 459.67) / 1.8
TFahrenheit = 1.8 TCelsius +
32 TCelsius
= (TFahrenheit - 32) / 1.8
Viscosity (Absolute or Dynamic, followed by Kinematic)
1 P = 1 dyne s cm-2 = 0.1 Pa s = 100 cP = 100 mPa s
1 Pa s = 1000 cP = 10 P = 1 kg m-1 s-1 = 1
N s m-2 = 0.67197 lbm ft-1 s-1
1 cP = 1 mPa s = 0.001 Pa s = 0.01 P
1 lbm ft-1 s-1 = 1.4882 kg m-1 s-1
= 1488.2 cP
kinematic viscosity (cSt) = absolute viscosity (cP) / density (g
cm-3)
1 cSt = 0.000001 m2 s-1 = 1 mm2
s-1 = 5.58001 in2 hr-1 = 0.00155
in2 s-1
1 St = 100 cSt = 0.0001 m2 s-1
1 m2 s-1 = 10-5 cSt = 10.7639 ft2
s-1
Volume
1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 103 L
(liter) = 264.17 gal (US) = 35.3145 ft3 = 219.97 gal
(UK)
1 ft 3 = 0.028317 m3 = 7.4805 gal (US) =
28.317 L = 6.2288 gal(UK)
1 gal (US) = 128 oz = 4 qt = 3.7854 L = 3785.4 cm3 =
0.8327 gal (UK) = 0.003785 m3 = 0.13368 ft3
Misc. Notes
latent heat of fusion of water at 0C and 1 atm = 333.2 kJ/kg =
143.3 Btu/lbm
latent heat of fusion of C02 at –78.5C and 1 atm
= 620 kJ/kg
refrigeration load: 1 ton = 303,852 kJ/24 hr = 3.5168 kW =
288,000 Btu/24 hr